Superpower Daily / Original exploration / 004

AI,
Out Loud.

It’s not just what you say.
It’s how you sound.

Hear the difference. Direct the delivery.
Find the voice tools for your next idea.

Enter the listening studio
A little preview · AI-generated voice
0:00 / 0:03
STUDIO / 004 VOICE / INTENTION
LEVEL
−12 / 0
SAME WORDS / A DIFFERENT MEANING
Original studio illustration · press play to roll the tape
15 original takes / 4 languages / 9 tool guidesResearch reviewed October 8, 2026
Why we made this

A voice does more
than read the words.

A reassuring sentence can become a warning. A pause can make an instruction easier to follow. A beautifully produced voice can still get a name, number or intention wrong.

We built this studio to make those differences audible and understandable. Hear real examples, see the instructions behind them and choose tools around the thing you want to make.

The right tool for a narrated film may differ from the right tool for a phone conversation. Voice identity, performance, language, editing and deployment are separate decisions. We explain each before asking you to choose.

01 / The performance

One sentence.
Six intentions.

Keep the words and voice constant. Change the direction and listen for what happens to meaning, pace and phrasing.

Same text / same voice / different instructions

“You’re right on time.
I’ve been waiting for
this moment.”

0:00 / 0:03

You're right on time I've been waiting for this moment

OpenAI cedar · gpt-4o-mini-tts-2025-12-15 · 3.46 seconds. Original AI-generated example.

A smaller change. A different implication.

Move the emphasis.

“I didn’t say she took the money.”

Someone else might have said it.

0:00 / 0:02

I didn't say she took the money

Three separately generated takes. Intended emphasis is direction to inspect by ear, not a guaranteed linguistic interpretation.

02 / The details the listener needs

A small change.
A clearer message.

Names, dates and silence deserve a listen of their own. Compare an explicit script with a compact one, then hear an official pause-control example.

01 / Make the facts explicit

Dates, codes,
and what you meant.

0:00 / 0:09

Your appointment is on 0304 at 305 bring reference A104 and a payment of 1 250

Constructed example. The revised script explicitly chooses the US date interpretation and afternoon; confirm these facts before rewriting a real reminder. These are original OpenAI examples, not examples of Deepgram or Google output.

02 / Give the listener a beat

A pause is part
of the sentence.

Official audio · seek after loading

0:00 / 0:00

Let me take a look, yes, I see it.

Official Google Chirp 3 HD examples. “With pause” uses [pause long] in the markup input. Duration is context-dependent; this is not a universal tag syntax.

03 / A story crosses a border

Words travel.
Timing changes.

Play a small original story in four languages. Follow its transcript and compare the duration. Learn where multilingual narration ends and dubbing begins.

A baker opens a warmly lit bakery as a cyclist crosses a stone canal bridge at sunrise.
A little story / sunrise in the cityOriginal AI-generated artwork
One scene / four language tracks

The same story.
A different rhythm.

0:00 / 0:09

At sunrise the city starts quietly a baker opens the door a bicycle crosses the bridge and someone begins a story worth telling

Original AI-generated narration · OpenAI marin · 9.55s. These are independently synthesized translations of our story, not a voice-preserving dub. Language tracks can take different amounts of time.

See the English source script

At sunrise, the city starts quietly. A baker opens the door, a bicycle crosses the bridge, and someone begins a story worth telling.

04 / Listen like a producer

Hear the possibilities.
Know the conditions.

Official audio makes capabilities tangible. Each provider chooses its own examples. Inspect what you hear without turning unequal samples into a ranking.

Provider examples / different scripts and settingsAudio loads when you request it

Cartesia

Provider example; voice/model snapshot not specified beside this clip

05 / Match the tool to the project

What are you
giving a voice to?

Eight active tools and one retiring service: features, strengths, limitations, example inputs, first workflows and cost units. Compare two tools with your project in mind.

Prioritize a reusable voice, short editable takes, pronunciation and a workflow you can operate.

Editorial starting points: ElevenLabs · OpenAI speech · Google Chirp 3 HD
Creator studio + API

ElevenLabs

A broad creator workflow for narration, voices, dialogue and dubbing. Choose the model family as carefully as the voice.

Models
v4 / v4 Turbo; v3; Multilingual v2; Flash v2.5
Direction
Inline audio tags on supported v3/v4 models
Languages
v4: 90+; coverage differs for other families
Voice identity
Library, design and cloning; access depends on feature and plan
Dialogue / dubbing
Multi-speaker generation; separate dubbing product
Access
Web editor and API; commercial terms depend on plan

Strengths

  • A practical starting point for creators who prefer a web interface.
  • Several model families let you separate performance from fast delivery.
  • Dubbing is available alongside speech generation.

Limitations

  • Audio tags are model-specific; a voice can behave differently after a model switch.
  • Dubbing v2 website output is automatic; transcript editing/regeneration via API requires Enterprise.
  • Credits, allowances and temporary promotions complicate price comparisons.

A first workflow to try

  1. Pick v4 for an expressive short narration and audition two library voices.
  2. Use one performance instruction, generate a short take, then listen for skipped words.
  3. Lock the voice/model, regenerate only the changed section and assemble in your editor.
Open the example input

[reassuring] You are right on time. [pause] We can take this one step at a time.

An editorial starting point to adapt in the named tool, not a recorded test or a guaranteed result. Follow its exact interface and current supported syntax.

Cost & accessListed v4 API rate: $0.08/1K characters before the temporary $0.022 promotion ending October 12, 2026. Our planner uses the regular rate, not the promotion. Check plan allowances and rights.

Open official playground or examples
Compare two tools Features, limitations and billing units

ElevenLabs

A broad creator workflow for narration, voices, dialogue and dubbing. Choose the model family as carefully as the voice.

Models
v4 / v4 Turbo; v3; Multilingual v2; Flash v2.5
Direction
Inline audio tags on supported v3/v4 models
Languages
v4: 90+; coverage differs for other families
Voice identity
Library, design and cloning; access depends on feature and plan
Dialogue / dubbing
Multi-speaker generation; separate dubbing product
Access
Web editor and API; commercial terms depend on plan

Limitations

  • Audio tags are model-specific; a voice can behave differently after a model switch.
  • Dubbing v2 website output is automatic; transcript editing/regeneration via API requires Enterprise.
  • Credits, allowances and temporary promotions complicate price comparisons.

Listed v4 API rate: $0.08/1K characters before the temporary $0.022 promotion ending October 12, 2026. Our planner uses the regular rate, not the promotion. Check plan allowances and rights.

OpenAI speech

A focused speech endpoint for apps and scripted content. Our original studio examples use one pinned model, with the script and instructions published.

Our example model
gpt-4o-mini-tts-2025-12-15
Direction
Natural-language instructions; speed parameter
Request limit
4,096 input characters per speech request
Formats
MP3, Opus, AAC, FLAC, WAV and PCM
Voice identity
Built-in voices; custom voices are eligibility-gated
Live conversation
The speech endpoint differs from a Realtime conversation API

Limitations

  • This endpoint is not a complete creator timeline or dubbing editor.
  • Instructions guide a performance; they are not a guarantee of exact timing or stress.
  • Actual billing is token-based; the per-minute price is an estimate.

The pricing page estimates gpt-4o-mini-tts at $0.015 per generated minute. Actual charges use text and audio tokens; retries create additional output.

Read all nine tool guides as text

Every entry is readable without JavaScript. Features are from the linked documentation; strengths, limitations and first workflows are our editorial interpretation. Reviewed October 8, 2026.

Creator studio + API

ElevenLabs

A broad creator workflow for narration, voices, dialogue and dubbing. Choose the model family as carefully as the voice.

Models
v4 / v4 Turbo; v3; Multilingual v2; Flash v2.5
Direction
Inline audio tags on supported v3/v4 models
Languages
v4: 90+; coverage differs for other families
Voice identity
Library, design and cloning; access depends on feature and plan
Dialogue / dubbing
Multi-speaker generation; separate dubbing product
Access
Web editor and API; commercial terms depend on plan

Strengths

  • A practical starting point for creators who prefer a web interface.
  • Several model families let you separate performance from fast delivery.
  • Dubbing is available alongside speech generation.

Limitations

  • Audio tags are model-specific; a voice can behave differently after a model switch.
  • Dubbing v2 website output is automatic; transcript editing/regeneration via API requires Enterprise.
  • Credits, allowances and temporary promotions complicate price comparisons.

A first workflow to try

  1. Pick v4 for an expressive short narration and audition two library voices.
  2. Use one performance instruction, generate a short take, then listen for skipped words.
  3. Lock the voice/model, regenerate only the changed section and assemble in your editor.

Example input: [reassuring] You are right on time. [pause] We can take this one step at a time.

Cost & access: Listed v4 API rate: $0.08/1K characters before the temporary $0.022 promotion ending October 12, 2026. Our planner uses the regular rate, not the promotion. Check plan allowances and rights.

Streaming speech API

Cartesia Sonic

An API-oriented option for conversational speech and repeatable deployment. Sonic 3.6 offers a dated snapshot as well as an automatically updated alias.

Model
Sonic 3.6; dated snapshot 2026-08-27
Languages
44 documented languages
Direction
Model-specific emotion, speed and volume controls
Voice identity
Voice library and consent-based cloning
Delivery
Streaming API; playground for auditioning
Deployment
Hosted; enterprise deployment options require a separate agreement

Strengths

  • Streaming suits responses that begin before the whole passage is ready.
  • Dated versions make your own regression checks reproducible.
  • Locale and normalization controls help structured speech.

Limitations

  • It is an API workflow rather than a complete audiobook or video editor.
  • Provider latency claims are not end-to-end conversation measurements.
  • Commercial use, credits and concurrency depend on your plan.

A first workflow to try

  1. Audition a voice with your actual product vocabulary.
  2. Pin a dated model snapshot and test your chosen locale.
  3. Stream short turns and test interruptions in the application, not just the playground.

Example input: A short support response: “I found your booking. Your reference is A, one, zero, four.” Test the same line with the intended locale.

Cost & access: Credit-based self-serve plans; inspect the current character conversion, concurrency and commercial terms. Do not compare a credit count directly with another vendor’s credits.

Speech infrastructure API

Deepgram Aura

Useful to evaluate when spoken reminders, identifiers and support conversations matter more than theatrical performance. Speech recognition and agents are separate services.

Model
Aura-2 voice catalog
Direction
Voice selection and text preparation; inspect supported controls
Voice identity
Named voice IDs from the documented catalog
Delivery
REST and streaming speech endpoints
Related products
Separate transcription and voice-agent APIs
Language check
Match the exact voice ID to its supported language

Strengths

  • The published examples make numbers and tricky vocabulary tangible.
  • Speech and transcription can live within one provider stack.
  • Streaming can reduce waiting for the entire output.

Limitations

  • A launch-page preference study is conducted by the provider, not by us.
  • Voice synthesis alone does not listen, reason or handle interruption.
  • Catalog language support is not interchangeable with transcription language support.

A first workflow to try

  1. Choose an Aura-2 voice appropriate to the listener and language.
  2. Test dates, amounts, names and your most frequent identifiers.
  3. Integrate short streamed responses, then measure the entire request-to-playback path.

Example input: An appointment reminder with “March fourth”, “three oh five in the afternoon” and a letter-by-letter reference code.

Cost & access: Character-based synthesis; transcription and full voice-agent usage have separate rates. Check the current pay-as-you-go tier and language/model.

Instruction-driven speech API

OpenAI speech

A focused speech endpoint for apps and scripted content. Our original studio examples use one pinned model, with the script and instructions published.

Our example model
gpt-4o-mini-tts-2025-12-15
Direction
Natural-language instructions; speed parameter
Request limit
4,096 input characters per speech request
Formats
MP3, Opus, AAC, FLAC, WAV and PCM
Voice identity
Built-in voices; custom voices are eligibility-gated
Live conversation
The speech endpoint differs from a Realtime conversation API

Strengths

  • Separate text and delivery instructions make controlled lessons easy to reproduce.
  • Output formats suit both editing and application playback.
  • A dated model makes the provenance of these examples explicit.

Limitations

  • This endpoint is not a complete creator timeline or dubbing editor.
  • Instructions guide a performance; they are not a guarantee of exact timing or stress.
  • Actual billing is token-based; the per-minute price is an estimate.

A first workflow to try

  1. Write a short, plain-language script and choose a built-in voice.
  2. Add a concise tone/pacing instruction and generate two takes.
  3. Listen with the transcript, correct pronunciation and export the chosen take.

Example input: Text: “You are right on time.” Instructions: Warm and reassuring; gentle pace; speak to one worried person.

Cost & access: The pricing page estimates gpt-4o-mini-tts at $0.015 per generated minute. Actual charges use text and audio tokens; retries create additional output.

Directed speech + dialogue API

Google Gemini TTS

A route for style-directed narration and dialogue. Google’s current guide documents both speaker configuration and per-turn direction.

Direction
Style instructions and speech metadata in the current interface
Dialogue
Up to two prebuilt speakers in a single multi-speaker request
Custom dialogue
Custom voices require separate turns in the documented workflow
Output
Audio output; inspect WAV/PCM handling for assembly
Languages
Check the supported language list for the chosen model
Model / interface
Pin the exact model and SDK/API version from the current guide

Strengths

  • Useful to explore a scripted exchange between two speakers.
  • Turn-level direction fits dialogue rather than a single narration style.
  • The documentation includes single- and multi-speaker workflows.

Limitations

  • Two-speaker generation is not an unlimited cast in one request.
  • Custom-voice turns need separate synthesis and assembly.
  • Different Gemini/Cloud interfaces expose different controls and billing.

A first workflow to try

  1. Create a two-person exchange with short, clearly labeled turns.
  2. Assign prebuilt voices and a restrained style for each turn.
  3. Check voice separation and silence, then assemble and caption the output.

Example input: HOST: “What changes when we slow down?” GUEST: “The listener gets a moment to think.” Keep the two styles calm and distinct.

Cost & access: Model-specific API pricing; inspect text-input and audio-output units for your selected interface. A Gemini API allowance is not a Google Cloud TTS allowance.

Cloud speech synthesis

Google Chirp 3 HD

A cloud voice catalog with documented text and pronunciation controls. The examples below show what a real pause or pronunciation override changes.

Model
Chirp 3: HD, Google Cloud Text-to-Speech
Direction
Documented SSML; voice controls include preview features
Pacing
Documented speaking-rate control, 0.25–2.0
Pronunciation
IPA/X-SAMPA overrides in supported locales
Pauses
Pause markup uses the markup field, not plain text
Access
Cloud project, billing and synthesis API

Strengths

  • Explicit control can be useful for names, codes and instructional pacing.
  • The voice catalog lets you inspect locale-specific options.
  • Published examples include the same phrase with and without a pause.

Limitations

  • Preview controls have language and launch-stage limitations.
  • Pause duration can vary with context and some tags may be ignored.
  • Cloud setup takes more effort than an all-in-one creator editor.

A first workflow to try

  1. Choose the exact locale and voice ID.
  2. Test a phrase with a difficult name and a deliberate pause.
  3. Use supported pronunciation controls and validate the actual audio before scaling.

Example input: Compare “Let me take a look, yes, I see it.” with the same text using [pause long] in the documented markup field.

Cost & access: Published Chirp 3 HD rate: $30 per million characters after the listed free allowance. Planner excludes allowances, taxes and other Cloud services.

Cloud speech + SSML

Microsoft Azure Speech

A route for teams that need structured control over pronunciation and pacing within an existing Microsoft speech workflow.

Direction
SSML for pronunciation, rate, pitch, pauses and more
Styles
Speaking styles and roles depend on the selected voice
Access
Speech SDK, REST and voice-specific configuration
Output
Select an audio format appropriate to the playback channel
Voice / language
Verify the exact voice’s locale and supported features
Workflow
Cloud resource and credentials; editor or app integration

Strengths

  • SSML makes the intended structure explicit.
  • SDK and REST routes support integration into existing systems.
  • Voice-specific styles can support instructional speech.

Limitations

  • Not every voice supports every SSML element or style.
  • Markup support does not guarantee the pronunciation you intended.
  • Resource region, voice availability and the selected tier need checking.

A first workflow to try

  1. Choose a supported neural voice and inspect its style list.
  2. Add one pronunciation override and one pause in SSML.
  3. Synthesize a short test, review by ear and export at the required audio format.

Example input: An SSML learning example: <speak version="1.0" xml:lang="en-US"><voice name="en-US-JennyNeural">Take a breath.<break time="500ms"/>Then continue.</voice></speak>

Cost & access: Cloud billing depends on the voice tier and region. Check the Speech pricing page for your resource; synthesis, custom voice work and other services differ.

Open-weight local model

Kokoro-82M

A small open-weight speech model for people who want to operate their own runtime. The model card is the authoritative project entry point.

Size
82 million parameters
Weights license
Apache 2.0
Model card release
v1.0: January 27, 2025
Voice workflow
Select supplied voices and language pipeline
Deployment
Local runtime or a third-party host
Control
Text/phoneme preparation and pipeline settings; no promised arbitrary acting prompts

Strengths

  • Your deployment can run without sending each script to a hosted speech API.
  • Open weights allow experimentation with the synthesis pipeline.
  • A useful alternative when hosting control matters more than a creator suite.

Limitations

  • Local operation still costs compute, setup and maintenance.
  • A third-party hosted endpoint has its own pricing and data handling.
  • Open weights do not provide an unlimited cloning or dialogue editor.

A first workflow to try

  1. Start from the author’s model card and installation instructions.
  2. Choose a language pipeline and supplied voice; synthesize a short script.
  3. Inspect pronunciation and runtime speed on your own hardware.

Example input: Try one 30-word tutorial introduction, then change the supplied voice while keeping text and runtime settings fixed.

Cost & access: No hosted vendor generation fee when run locally; hardware and operation still cost money. Third-party API prices are separate. License applies to the published weights.

Retiring service / historical reference

Hume Octave

An instructive example of voice design and acting controls, but not a recommended dependency for a new project: Hume has announced a voice API sunset.

Status
TTS and EVI access ends November 13, 2026, 12:01 a.m. EST
Data
The notice says account data is deleted after November 13
Acting direction
Description field: Octave 1; Octave 2 support listed as coming soon
Other controls
Speed and trailing silence supported across the documented models
Learning value
Distinguishes voice identity from delivery instructions
New-project fit
Excluded from our recommended starting points

Strengths

  • The archived concepts help explain identity, intention and timing.
  • Version-specific docs expose why a control should not be generalized across models.

Limitations

  • Announced access deadline makes a new production integration unsuitable.
  • Export needed material and confirm the notice with Hume before the closure.
  • Old articles and demos can outlive the product they describe.

A first workflow to try

  1. Read the retirement notice before taking any action.
  2. If you are an existing customer, export needed audio and review your migration requirements.
  3. Audition alternatives with your own scripts, not a vendor leaderboard alone.

Example input: A performance brief can specify a calm voice, a measured pace and silence after an utterance; the supported fields vary by Octave version.

Cost & access: Historical reference only. Do not budget a new production project around an API with an announced closure.

06 / Before you record the takes

A script. A few takes.
A plan you can edit.

Start with a filled-in example. Adjust the script, versions, retries and pace. Watch how billing units change the production estimate.

50 words · 282 Unicode characters. Empty text costs zero in this illustration.
Modeled generation spend$0.102

12 takes · 3,384 generated characters
4.29 modeled audio minutes

TRACK 0112
TRACK 0212
TRACK 0312
TRACK 0412

Highlighted takes illustrate keeping one per track; this is not a measured success rate. “Tracks” can mean variations or languages, with the same text length assumed for each. Translations can change length.

$30/million characters after free usage. No allowance is deducted here. Excludes editing, subscriptions, taxes and other production work.

07 / Sources, scope and provenance

Open information.
Audible examples.

Primary provider documentation, model cards and pricing pages were reviewed October 8, 2026. Tool capabilities refer to the named interface and model family; individual voices, locales, regions and plans can differ. This is a dated editorial guide, not a live feature monitor.

We created 15 original speech takes with OpenAI’s gpt-4o-mini-tts-2025-12-15 model. The six delivery takes use the same text and cedar voice. The emphasis and reminder examples also use cedar; four independently synthesized language tracks use marin. These are AI-generated voices. Inputs, instructions, exact durations, file checksums and automated alignment are published in the audio manifest.

Waveforms show root-mean-square amplitude measured from each local audio file, normalized separately for display. Their height does not compare model quality or loudness across clips. Word highlights use automated transcription timing and may be approximate. Transcription checks verify wording, not emotional quality or accent.

Official samples remain on their provider or author host and load when requested. Historical provider examples do not establish current-model performance, and public playback does not transfer production rights. Some official examples lack a published full transcript. Open the source page for their context.

Workflow recommendations are editorial judgments. We do not publish invented quality scores, end-to-end latency measurements or success rates. Hume’s announced API retirement is shown explicitly and excluded from new-project recommendations.

The cost planner keeps character billing separate from an estimated output-minute rate. Speaking pace, repeated text length and retries are adjustable assumptions. It excludes allowances, plan fees, translation, editing, taxes and other production work. Temporary promotions are not the default baseline.

ElevenLabs speech product guide

Current model families, language coverage, dialogue and access.

ElevenLabs delivery tags

Inline performance direction for the supported v3/v4 models.

ElevenAPI pricing

Character rates, plan allowances and dated October promotions.

ElevenLabs dubbing guide

Dubbing versions, voice similarity and editing restrictions.

Cartesia Sonic 3.6 documentation

44 languages, voice selection and dated model snapshots.

Cartesia voice controls

Model-specific speed, volume and emotional controls.

Cartesia plans

Credits, commercial access and deployment options.

Cartesia Sonic listening examples

Provider-selected example of laughter and conversational delivery.

Deepgram voices and languages

Aura voice IDs and supported languages.

Deepgram Aura-2 launch examples

Historical, vendor-selected samples; competitor model versions are not all specified.

Deepgram pricing

Separate speech synthesis, transcription and agent billing.

OpenAI speech guide

Voice instructions, streaming, AI disclosure and custom voice eligibility.

OpenAI create-speech reference

4,096-character input, supported formats, voice and speed parameters.

OpenAI API pricing

Token billing and estimated per-minute speech generation cost.

Google Gemini speech generation

Style direction, current interfaces and two-speaker request limits.

Google Chirp 3: HD documentation

Voice catalog, SSML and preview pacing, pause and pronunciation controls.

Google Cloud speech pricing

Chirp 3 HD: $30 per million characters after the listed free usage allowance.

Microsoft Speech SSML overview

Pronunciation, styles, timing and voice-specific support.

Microsoft speech synthesis guide

SDK, REST, audio output formats and implementation workflow.

Kokoro-82M model card

Open weights, Apache 2.0 license, local usage and project provenance.

Kokoro published audio samples

Author-published examples with scripts; these are not our controlled comparison runs.

Hume API retirement notice

TTS/EVI access ends November 13, 2026 at 12:01 a.m. EST; account data is then deleted.

Hume acting instructions

Octave 1 description support versus Octave 2; speed and trailing silence.

Before you
press record.

Which AI voice tool should I use?

Start with your workflow. ElevenLabs is a creator-oriented starting point; Cartesia and Deepgram are worth evaluating for streamed application speech; OpenAI supports instruction-driven synthesis; Google and Microsoft offer cloud speech controls; Kokoro offers open-weight local deployment. These are editorial starting points, not measured quality rankings. Test your exact script, language, model and output requirements.

What makes an AI voice sound natural?

Naturalness depends on more than voice identity: pronunciation, phrasing, emphasis, pace, silence and consistency all matter. Delivery instructions can help on supported models, but you must listen to the actual result. Our six-intention lesson holds the text and built-in voice constant while changing instructions.

Are these audio clips a fair tool benchmark?

No. The original studio clips use one documented OpenAI model and published inputs. Official examples are selected by their providers, sometimes from older releases. They have different scripts, voices and settings. We use them to teach listening, not to rank current tools.

Is multilingual text-to-speech the same as dubbing?

No. Multilingual TTS synthesizes a translated script. Dubbing starts with an existing recording and may translate speech, distinguish speakers, preserve voice characteristics and align timing. Our four-language story is independently synthesized narration, not a voice-preserving dub or a lip-sync demonstration.

Can I use an AI voice commercially?

Check the terms for the exact model, host and plan, and obtain permission for any cloned voice. A demo being publicly playable does not grant permission to republish it in your production. Our page attributes provider examples and keeps them hosted by their source.

Is Hume Octave still available?

Hume’s documentation states that TTS and EVI API access ends November 13, 2026 at 12:01 a.m. EST, followed by deletion of account data. We retain Octave as a clearly labeled historical reference and exclude it from recommendations for new projects. Check the official notice before relying on it.

How much does AI narration cost?

Billing units differ. Some providers charge by characters, some by tokens, and others use plan credits. Retries and revisions increase generated output. Our planner shows dated, documented units and editable assumptions; it excludes free allowances, subscriptions, editing, taxes and other production costs.

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