AI Model Economics Index

Superpower Daily

Research report 01 / Price and capability

AI Model Economics Index

Observed model prices, context windows, licenses, and release economics from verified launch records.

Archived snapshotv84Nov 7, 2026

View latest dataset

Priced models: 71
258 verified launches
Median input: $0.75
Per million tokens
Median output: $3.60
Per million tokens
Largest context: 11M
Disclosed tokens

Data status71 verified observations

Each dot is one verified observation. Horizontal position is input price / 1m tokens; vertical position is output price / 1m tokens.

Verified observationHover or focus any mark for exact valuesLast updated Nov 7, 2026

Version ledger

Frozen public editions

Each edition preserves the records, method, sources, and downloads available at publication time.

Coverage note

Coverage reflects verified model-launch records with publicly disclosed fields. Provider discounts, caching, batch pricing, and negotiated enterprise rates may differ.

Dataset ID: spd:model-economics
Stable URL: /research/model-economics
Version: v84
Coverage: 2024-10-07/2026-11-07
Records: 258
Fields: 7
Updated: Nov 7, 2026

Read the data

The records behind the figure

CSV JSON

AI Model Economics Index data records
Release date	Model	Developer	Input / 1M	Output / 1M	Context	License
2024-10-07	Inflection 3.0	Inflection AI	—	—	—	—
2025-08-22	GPT-4b micro	OpenAI	—	—	64000	—
2025-12-11	GPT-5.2	OpenAI	—	—	262144	—
2025-12-16	GPT Image 1.5	OpenAI	—	—	—	—
2026-04-07	Claude Mythos Preview	Anthropic	25.000000	125.000000	1000000	—
2026-04-28	Laguna XS.2	Poolside	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-06-09	Claude Fable 5	Anthropic	10.000000	50.000000	—	—
2026-06-30	Claude Sonnet 5	Anthropic	2.000000	10.000000	—	—
2026-07-02	Laguna XS 2.1	Poolside	0.100000	0.200000	256000	OpenMDW-1.1
2026-07-08	GPT-Live	OpenAI	—	—	—	—
2026-07-09	GPT-5.6 (Sol, Terra, Luna)	OpenAI	—	—	—	—
2026-07-16	Kimi K3	Moonshot	—	—	1000000	License requires companies operating a model-as-a-service business with > $20M total annual revenue (over 12 months) to enter a separate agreement with Moonshot before commercial use.
2026-07-24	Claude Opus 5	Anthropic	—	—	—	—
2026-07-31	MiniMax H3	MiniMax	—	—	—	MiniMax H3 Community License Agreement
2026-08-01	abliterated-model-large-v2	Abliteration.ai	5.000000	5.000000	—	—
2026-08-10	Muse Glimmer	Meta Platforms	—	—	—	—
2026-08-10	Muse Glimmer	Meta	—	—	131072	Apache 2.0
2026-08-11	Nemotron 3.5 Lightning	Nvidia	—	—	1000000	OpenMDW-1.1
2026-08-12	Qwen3.8-27B-CRACK-GGUF	Jinho Jang (dealign.ai)	—	—	262000	—
2026-08-12	Qwen3.8-2.4T-A95B	Alibaba Cloud Qwen team	—	—	262144	—
2026-08-13	GLM-5.3	Z.ai	1.400000	440.000000	1000000	—
2026-08-13	Gemini 3.7 Flash	Google	0.750000	3.750000	—	—
2026-08-16	GLM-5.3	Zhipu (Z.ai)	—	—	—	—
2026-08-18	GPT-5.6 Sol	OpenAI	—	—	—	—
2026-08-19	Ornith-1.5	Ornith AI	—	—	—	—
2026-08-21	V4-Flash-Vision-Exp	DeepSeek	—	—	—	—
2026-08-21	deepseek-v4-flash-vision-exp	DeepSeek	0.220000	0.660000	—	—
2026-08-21	Falcon 2	Murf AI	—	—	—	—
2026-08-24	Thomson	Thomson Reuters	—	—	—	Non-commercial license for the planned smaller open-weight version
2026-08-24	GEN-1.5	Generalist AI	—	—	—	—
2026-08-24	Thomson-1.0-Large	Thomson Reuters	—	—	—	—
2026-08-24	HiDream-O1-World	HiDream.ai	—	—	—	—
2026-08-26	Qwen3.8-Flash	Alibaba	1.000000	3.000000	262144	—
2026-08-26	Grok 4.6	xAI	2.000000	6.000000	500000	—
2026-08-26	Granite 4.2	IBM	—	—	512000	Apache 2.0
2026-08-26	Qwen3.8-Flash	Alibaba Qwen	0.160000	0.470000	1000000	—
2026-08-26	Qwen3.8-Flash-Next	Alibaba Qwen team	0.160000	0.470000	262144	—
2026-08-27	GLM-5.3-Flash	Zhipu AI	0.150000	0.500000	1000000	MIT
2026-08-27	Gemini 3.5 Transcribe	Google	—	—	—	—
2026-08-27	GLM-5.3-Flash	Z.ai	0.150000	0.500000	1000000	MIT
2026-08-27	leiolai-1	Leiolai	0.010000	0.020000	11000000	—
2026-08-28	ABot-Recon	AMAP CV Lab	—	—	—	Apache 2.0 for source code; CC BY-NC 4.0 for model weights
2026-08-28	Sahara v2.5	Intron	—	—	—	—
2026-08-31	S1	Skild AI	—	—	—	—
2026-08-31	Isaac 0.5	Perceptron AI	—	—	—	—
2026-08-31	GigaPath-Flash and GigaTIME-Flash	Microsoft Research	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-09-01	Orbis 1.0	Visko	—	—	—	—
2026-09-01	Claude Fable 5.1 and Claude Mythos 5.1	Anthropic	10.000000	50.000000	1000000	—
2026-09-01	Muse Voice Transcribe	Meta Superintelligence Labs	—	—	—	—
2026-09-01	Solaris	Runway	—	—	—	—
2026-09-01	Claude Mythos 5.1	Anthropic	10.000000	50.000000	—	—
2026-09-01	MAPL-EMIT	Google Research	—	—	—	—
2026-09-02	Muse Spark 1.3	Meta AI Research	—	—	—	—
2026-09-02	Muse Spark 1.3	Meta	1.250000	4.250000	—	—
2026-09-02	Gemini 3.8 Flash and Gemini 3.8 Flash Cyber	Google	0.750000	3.750000	1000000	—
2026-09-02	Gemini 3.8 Flash	Google	0.750000	3.750000	1000000	—
2026-09-02	Gemini 3.8 Flash; Gemini 3.8 Flash Cyber	Google	0.750000	3.750000	1048576	—
2026-09-03	WeatherNext 3	Google DeepMind and Google Research	—	—	—	—
2026-09-03	humain-m3	HUMAIN	—	—	—	MiniMax Community License (planned for open-weight release)
2026-09-03	K2 Horizon	Institute of Foundation Models	—	—	—	—
2026-09-06	Lyria 3.5	Google	—	—	—	—
2026-09-06	Muse Voice Transcribe	Meta	—	—	—	—
2026-09-06	WeatherNext 3	Google DeepMind	—	—	—	—
2026-09-07	Qwen-Drive 1.0	Alibaba	—	—	—	—
2026-09-07	Astra	OpenAI	—	—	—	—
2026-09-08	OUI-1	Thesys	—	—	—	Google Gemma terms
2026-09-08	N2.5 agent family	Nex-AGI	—	—	—	—
2026-09-09	GPT-Image-2.5 Flare and GPT-Image-2.5 Sunburst	OpenAI	8.000000	30.000000	—	—
2026-09-09	V6	Suno	—	—	—	—
2026-09-09	Granite PatchTST-FM-r2	IBM	—	—	8192	Apache 2.0 or Linux Foundation OpenMDW 1.0
2026-09-09	Suno v6	Suno	—	—	—	Trained on licensed content from Warner Music Group, BMG, and Believe; model license not specified
2026-09-10	NASA-IBM Lunar Foundation Model	NASA and IBM	—	—	—	Apache-2.0
2026-09-10	Edge0 35B and Edge0 8B	Edge0	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-09-10	Aether	JoyIn	—	—	—	—
2026-09-10	GPT-Live-1	OpenAI	—	—	—	—
2026-09-10	Adaptive Instructed-Retriever	Databricks	—	—	—	—
2026-09-10	DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash	DeepSeek	0.300000	1.200000	1000000	MIT
2026-09-11	GPT-6 Astra	OpenAI	10.000000	50.000000	1050000	Proprietary
2026-09-13	Iris-mini and Iris-pro	AllSpark	—	—	256000	—
2026-09-13	Music v2.5	ElevenLabs	—	—	—	—
2026-09-15	Gemini 3.8 Live	Google DeepMind	—	—	—	—
2026-09-15	Gemini 3.8 Live and Gemini 3.8 Live Extended Thinking	Google DeepMind	—	—	131072	—
2026-09-15	Gemini 3.8 Live; Gemini 3.8 Live Extended Thinking	Google DeepMind	—	—	—	—
2026-09-15	Gemini 3.8 Live and Gemini 3.8 Live Extended Thinking	Google	3.000000	12.000000	—	—
2026-09-15	TabPFN-3.5	Prior Labs	—	—	—	Non-commercial open-weight use; commercial production license or API required
2026-09-15	Boreal	Creatify Labs	—	—	—	—
2026-09-16	Koa	Salesforce	—	—	—	—
2026-09-16	Pareto 26.9	unbiased.ai	2.500000	7.500000	262144	—
2026-09-18	Bonsai 2 27B	PrismML	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-09-18	Ternary Bonsai 2 27B	PrismML	—	—	262000	Apache 2.0
2026-09-18	Grok Voice Transcribe 2.0	xAI	—	—	—	—
2026-09-19	Qwen3.8-Omni-Flash	Qwen	0.150000	0.470000	1000000	—
2026-09-20	Qwen-Image-2.1	Alibaba Qwen AI team	—	—	—	Research license; commercial use requires a separate license from Qwen
2026-09-20	Step 5 Preview	StepFun	1.000000	2.700000	1000000	—
2026-09-21	RetroChimera	Microsoft Research	—	—	—	MIT
2026-09-21	Qwen-Image-2.1	Alibaba Qwen	—	—	—	Qwen Research License
2026-09-21	Altar	Aikido	—	—	—	—
2026-09-21	Alice AI Foundation	Yandex	—	—	—	Open license
2026-09-21	Grok 4.7	SpaceX	2.000000	6.000000	—	—
2026-09-21	Grok 4.7	SpaceXAI	2.000000	6.000000	500000	—
2026-09-22	MiMo-V2.6-Pro	Xiaomi	0.435000	0.870000	1000000	MIT
2026-09-22	GPT-6 Sol and GPT-6 Luna	OpenAI	—	—	1050000	—
2026-09-22	Xing4.0-29B-A4B	China Telecom AI	—	—	256000	—
2026-09-23	Opus 5.5	Anthropic	—	—	—	—
2026-09-23	Nemotron 3 Diarization	NVIDIA	—	—	—	OpenMDW License 1.1
2026-09-23	CLM-8B	Contrastive-LM	—	—	—	Apache-2.0 for the released head, as described in the article
2026-09-23	Gemini 3.8 Flash TTS and Gemini 3.8 Flash-Lite TTS	Google	—	—	—	—
2026-09-24	FLUX 3 Action	Black Forest Labs	—	—	—	—
2026-09-24	Bodhi TTS	Navana.ai	—	—	—	—
2026-09-24	Ming-3.0-tts-0.5B	InclusionAI	—	—	—	MIT
2026-09-24	Sarvam Vision 2.1	Sarvam	—	—	—	—
2026-09-24	Gemini 3.8 Flash TTS; Gemini 3.8 Flash-Lite TTS	Google	—	—	—	—
2026-09-25	Claude Opus 5.5	Anthropic	4.000000	20.000000	1000000	Proprietary
2026-09-25	CLM-8B	Stanford and Nvidia	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-09-25	Gemini 3.8 Live	Google	—	—	—	—
2026-09-26	Span-01	Respan	0.020000	0.000000	—	—
2026-09-26	Julia 1	Supersonic Labs	0.025000	0.000000	—	Apache 2.0
2026-09-27	Naive-N0.5-Flash	NaiveAI	0.600000	2.600000	1000000	MIT
2026-09-28	ElevenLabs v4 and v4 Turbo	ElevenLabs	—	—	—	—
2026-09-28	Claude Sonnet 5.5	Anthropic	2.000000	10.000000	1000000	Closed weights
2026-09-28	Eleven v4 and Eleven v4 Turbo	ElevenLabs	—	—	—	—
2026-09-29	JEV-27B	AutoTrust AI	—	—	—	Apache-2.0
2026-09-29	GPT-6.1 Sol	OpenAI	2.000000	10.000000	1050000	—
2026-09-30	apex-flash-1	Cantina Security	—	—	—	MIT
2026-09-30	AT0M	Pienomial	—	—	—	—
2026-09-30	Predactiv People Model	Predactiv	—	—	—	—
2026-09-30	Kumo Tabular	NVIDIA	—	—	—	OpenMDW-1.1
2026-09-30	Embed 5	Cohere	—	—	128000	—
2026-09-30	Gemini 4 Argon (High)	Google	2.000000	10.000000	1000000	Proprietary
2026-10-01	Jev	TypeSafe AI	0.042000	0.000000	32000	—
2026-10-01	Ideogram 4.5	Ideogram	—	—	—	—
2026-10-01	pplx-embed-v2-context-9b-preview	Perplexity	—	—	—	—
2026-10-01	GPT-6 Astra Ultrafast	OpenAI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-01	Strands Decider 2B	Amazon	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-10-02	Clef and Clef-flash	Cloudflare	—	—	64000	Apache-2.0
2026-10-02	Whistle	Cactus Compute	—	—	—	—
2026-10-02	Ajax	PewDiePie	—	—	—	—
2026-10-02	AstaBrief 8B	Ai2	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-10-03	Strands Decider 2B	Amazon Web Services	—	—	—	—
2026-10-04	apex-flash-1	Cantina	—	—	—	—
2026-10-04	NASA-IBM Lunar Foundation Model	NASA and IBM Research	—	—	—	—
2026-10-05	Kolibri	Aleph Alpha	—	—	1000000	Apache 2.0
2026-10-05	d1	Liquid AI	0.040000	—	—	—
2026-10-05	interfaze-1-lite	Interfaze	0.850000	1.500000	128000	Apache 2.0
2026-10-05	FLUX 3 Image	Black Forest Labs	—	—	—	—
2026-10-05	Beam	Reflection AI	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-10-05	Qwen3.6-35B-A3B-Westernized	Hirundo	—	—	—	—
2026-10-06	EmbeddingGemma 2	Google	—	—	8192	Apache 2.0
2026-10-06	Pegasus 1.6	TwelveLabs	3.000000	7.500000	—	—
2026-10-06	PolicyLM-1.7B	Musubi	—	—	—	Apache-2.0
2026-10-06	Falcon-Emirati-7B	Technology Innovation Institute	—	—	—	—
2026-10-06	EmbeddingGemma 2	Google DeepMind	—	—	8000	Apache 2.0
2026-10-06	Nano Banana 2.1	Google	—	—	1000000	—
2026-10-07	d1-3B; d1-omni-600M	Liquid AI	—	—	—	LFM 1.0 listed on the model cards; article says the release does not state a license
2026-10-07	Claude Haiku 5.5	Anthropic	0.100000	0.500000	1000000	Proprietary
2026-10-07	d1-3B and d1-omni-600M	Liquid AI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-07	MORENA	Vambo AI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-08	SpliceAI2	Illumina	—	—	—	—
2026-10-08	Physical AI model platform (Drishti, Shruti, Sparsh, Kriya, Prana, Karma, Kavach)	Inner Sky Labs	—	—	—	—
2026-10-09	GPT-6	OpenAI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-09	Microsoft-Decision-1	Microsoft	0.042000	0.000000	32000	—
2026-10-09	Drex 1.5	Nace.AI	0.040000	0.000000	131072	RAIL-M
2026-10-09	HybridAgent-14B-Agentic	TogetherComputer	—	—	—	MIT
2026-10-12	Muse Wonder and Muse Wonder Full	Meta	4.000000	20.000000	1000000	Proprietary; weights are not publicly downloadable.
2026-10-12	Muse Wonder	Meta	4.000000	20.000000	—	Closed/proprietary
2026-10-12	OrcaCyber Zero 1.5	Continuum AI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-13	Muse Wonder; Muse Wonder Full	Meta	4.000000	20.000000	—	—
2026-10-13	Gemini 4 Argon	Google DeepMind	2.000000	10.000000	1000000	—
2026-10-14	Grok Voice 3.0	xAI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-14	LFM2.5-24B-A2B	Liquid AI	0.100000	1.000000	131072	LFM Open License v1.0
2026-10-14	Nemotron 3.5 Super and Nemotron 3.5 Lightning	NVIDIA	—	—	1000000	—
2026-10-14	QVAC TranscribePsy	Tether AI Research	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-10-14	QVAC TranscribePsy	Tether	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-10-14	Ultramarine 1 Flash	Paper Instruments	—	—	—	—
2026-10-14	Drama 3	Fish Audio	—	—	—	Fish Audio Community License v1.0
2026-10-14	Neuron AI	Neura Robotics	—	—	—	—
2026-10-15	Muse Spark Open	Meta	1.250000	4.250000	1000000	Muse Model License
2026-10-15	Matrix-Game 4.0	Skywork AI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-15	Comet 60B	Multiverse Computing	—	—	—	—
2026-10-15	Nemotron 3.5 Super VL 120B-A12B	Nvidia	—	—	—	—
2026-10-15	d1-ultra	Liquid AI	0.042000	—	—	—
2026-10-15	GPT-Live-1.1	OpenAI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-15	Jais 3	Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-10-15	Nemotron 3.5 Super VL	NVIDIA	—	—	—	OpenMDW
2026-10-15	FLUX 3 Image Klein	Black Forest Labs	—	—	—	FLUX Kommunity License
2026-10-15	Timestral	Mistral AI	—	—	—	Modified MIT for weights, with commercial-use restrictions above a monthly revenue threshold; inference code is Apache 2.0.
2026-10-16	DeepSeek V4.1 Flash 1017	DeepSeek	0.300000	1.200000	1000000	MIT
2026-10-16	MOSS-Image	OpenMOSS Team	—	—	4096	Apache-2.0
2026-10-16	Beam	Reflection	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-10-16	Muse Spark	Meta	—	—	1000000	—
2026-10-18	MiniMax M3.1 Flash	MiniMax AI	0.150000	0.600000	1000000	MiniMax Community License
2026-10-19	FLUX 3 Max	Black Forest Labs and fal	—	—	—	—
2026-10-19	V4.1-Flash-1017	DeepSeek	—	—	—	—
2026-10-19	M3.1 Flash	MiniMax	0.150000	0.600000	1000000	—
2026-10-19	gemma3-27b-cpt-gotoai-v3-instruct	GoTo	—	—	—	—
2026-10-19	FLUX 3 Max	fal and Black Forest Labs	—	—	—	—
2026-10-20	Eleven Realtime v1 Max and v1 Mini	ElevenLabs	—	—	—	—
2026-10-20	Phonon	Gradium	—	—	—	Apache 2.0 for Phonon 31m; CC BY-NC for Phonon 40m variants
2026-10-21	Mercury 3	Inception	0.100000	0.350000	1000000	—
2026-10-21	Kumo Forecast	NVIDIA	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-10-21	mammoth-1 and elephant-1	Base Labs	—	—	—	—
2026-10-21	Kumo Relational	NVIDIA	—	—	—	OpenMDW License Agreement, version 1.1 (weights); Apache 2.0 (code)
2026-10-21	RFD4-Proteina	NVIDIA	—	—	—	—
2026-10-21	Bark 3.0	Conway Research	—	—	—	CC-BY 4.0
2026-10-21	Flint AI	Recursive	—	—	—	Apache 2.0
2026-10-22	iFlytek Spark X2.6	iFlytek	0.900000	3.600000	1000000	—
2026-10-22	Flint	Recursive	—	—	512000	Apache 2.0
2026-10-22	OlmoEarth v1.3	Ai2	—	—	—	OlmoEarth Artifact License
2026-10-22	Canva Craft	Canva	—	—	—	—
2026-10-22	Chariot-1-ASR Realtime	Chariot	—	—	—	—
2026-10-23	Nemotron 3.5 Bolt E4B 4GB	NVIDIA	—	—	64000	—
2026-10-23	Craft	Canva	—	—	—	—
2026-10-23	MiniMax-M3.1-Flash	MiniMax	0.150000	0.600000	1000000	MiniMax Community License: free for non-commercial use; commercial use requires attribution and notification, with written authorization required above $20 million in annual revenue.
2026-10-25	Dessa	Block	—	—	—	—
2026-10-26	GPT-6.1 Terra	OpenAI	1.000000	5.000000	—	—
2026-10-27	AssemblyAI-TTS-1	AssemblyAI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-27	LFM3	Liquid AI	0.080000	0.200000	256000	—
2026-10-27	Calix Communications Language Model	Calix	—	—	—	—
2026-10-28	Nemotron 3.5 Transcribe	NVIDIA	—	—	65536	OpenMDW-1.1
2026-10-28	Prisma v3.0	Gnani AI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-28	Gemini 4 Carbon	Google	4.000000	20.000000	—	—
2026-10-28	Gemini 4 Carbon	Google DeepMind	2.000000	10.000000	—	—
2026-10-29	Mistral Large 4	Mistral	0.700000	2.100000	—	Modified MIT; commercial cloud services offering the model require a separate license from Mistral.
2026-10-29	Bivia	Articul8	—	—	—	—
2026-10-29	Le Chonk	Mistral	—	—	—	—
2026-10-29	Prism	Rime	—	—	—	—
2026-10-29	Gnani Prisma v3.0	Gnani AI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-29	Apex-35B-V1.0	Apex Intelligence	—	—	—	—
2026-10-29	Pika H3 Flex	Pika	—	—	—	—
2026-10-29	joey-1	Base Labs	0.010000	—	16384	MIT
2026-10-29	Large 4	Mistral AI	0.700000	2.100000	1000000	Modified MIT-style license
2026-10-29	TimeH2O-v1	H2O.ai	—	—	—	Non-commercial
2026-10-30	Fletch	Arrowhead AI	—	—	—	—
2026-10-30	Mischief	TBC	—	—	—	—
2026-10-31	Canva Brush	Canva	—	—	—	—
2026-11-02	Hydrogen-1.0	Deep Principle	—	—	—	—
2026-11-02	LongCat-2.5	Meituan	—	—	1000000	—
2026-11-02	LongCat-2.5	LongCat	—	—	—	—
2026-11-03	Eleven Real-time	ElevenLabs	—	—	—	—
2026-11-03	Sarvam Prism	Sarvam AI	—	—	131072	Apache 2.0
2026-11-03	VR-1.1	Cogent Security	—	—	—	—
2026-11-04	Ripple-65B Preview	Ricursive Intelligence	0.200000	0.600000	1000000	Apache 2.0
2026-11-04	GPT-Image-2.6 Flare and GPT-Image-2.6 Sunburst	OpenAI	—	30.000000	—	—
2026-11-04	Hy4	Tencent	0.900000	2.700000	1000000	—
2026-11-04	Prism	Sarvam AI	—	—	131072	Apache 2.0
2026-11-04	Images 2.6	OpenAI	—	—	—	—
2026-11-05	Kimi K3.1 Pro	Moonshot AI	2.300000	11.500000	1000000	—
2026-11-05	Gemini Omni 1.2 Flash	Google DeepMind	—	—	—	—
2026-11-05	Inkling 2 Small	Thinking Machines Lab	0.300000	1.000000	—	Apache 2.0 planned for a future weights release
2026-11-05	Gemini Omni 1.2 Flash	Google	—	—	—	—

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Measurement technique

How to read this report

01Prices are normalized to the disclosed cost per one million tokens.
02A zero is shown only when a source explicitly records zero; undisclosed fields remain null.
03The index describes observed launch economics and does not infer quality equivalence between models.